Four video explainers on quantum fundamentals

Quantum physics explained in 22 minutes

Brian Cox, Royal Society Professor for Public Engagement in Science, discusses the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, emphasizing their importance in understanding the nature of reality and their practical applications in emerging technologies like quantum computers.

Explore an optical table to create quantum physics experiments

This interactive teaches users to create quantum experiments through lessons resembling video game levels. Users can also use the virtual lab to visualize landmark quantum experiments like entanglement, teleportation, cryptography, and quantum computing, or create their own experiments with drag-and-drop elements.

A "no math" primer on quantum mechanics

Quantum mechanics may not immediately grasped, but it can be slowly understood through the experiments and discussions offered here by writer Dr. Miguel F. Morales. A professor of physics at the University of Washington in Seattle, Dr. Morales makes understanding the basics of quantum mechanics fun with a promised "no math" approach.

Explaining the many-worlds interpretation

A mind-bending, jargon-free account of the popular interpretation of quantum mechanics, helping to explain how something can be in two states at once.

Quantum field theory, which has made predictions accurate to 12 decimal places, explained

Instead of being made of indivisible particles, all visible matter in the universe is built from underlying quantum fields—smooth, invisible entities that behave like waves and extend throughout space and time. The theory suggests these fields are fundamental, and particles are disturbances that move through them.

Explore a series of interdisciplinary explainers on climate science

From animations on the quantum mechanics of greenhouse gases to a photo essay on how scientists acquire climate data, this collection provides detailed explorations of how different branches of science have contributed to our understanding of climatology.

Quantum field theory reveals that particles are ripples in universal fields

Instead of being made of indivisible particles, all visible matter in the universe is built from underlying quantum fields—smooth, invisible entities that behave like waves. The theory suggests these fields are fundamental, and particles are disturbances that move through them.

Quantum mechanics explains how particles behave like both matter and waves

In the quantum world, particles such as electrons are “quantized,” meaning they can only hold specific values of energy or momentum. These particles also behave like waves, with their wave function predicting where they might be found at any moment as probability clouds called orbitals.

Quantum computers harness weird physics to explore unsolvable problems

Classical computers manipulate bits as either 0 or 1, but quantum computers use qubits to hold combinations of both, enabling new algorithms. This new approach could one day help with breakthroughs in medicine, chemistry, and AI.

Quantum mechanical principles are responsible for chemical properties

Besides quantization, the wave-particle duality, and probabilistic features, quantum theory's mathematics introduces the exclusion principle, quantum tunneling, quantum entanglement, and other phenomena foreign to our everyday experiences. Some suggest that all possibilities for a quantum system may also occur across the multiverse.

A look at the giants of quantum mechanics

German physicist Max Planck publishes his groundbreaking study of the effect of radiation on a “blackbody” substance, and the quantum theory of modern physics

Explore an interactive map of the unified theories of everything

This interactive concisely describes many highly complex theories ranging from quantum gravity and black holes to dark matter and energy. Supplementary resources, key questions, and possible solutions accompany each description. As of 2026, no developed theory provides an accepted explanation of all observed phenomena in the universe at all scales.

How entanglement lies at the heart of quantum computing

Theoretical physicist and mathematician Frank Wilczek boils down the complex notion of quantum entanglement into this reasonably understandable summary. Wilczek discusses the concepts of quantum entanglement and how it relates to other ideas like the Many-Worlds Interpretation (MWI) of quantum mechanics. What sounds a bit "science-fictiony" can have actual real-world and concrete applications.

View 3D renderings of atomic orbitals created with quantum mechanics

Scientists use the Schrödinger equation to determine how a system governed by a wavefunction—an equation that predicts the probability of certain outcomes—evolves with time. Computers can animate atomic structure and behavior by depicting the wavefunction as a fluid that guides a particle, like water moving a speck of dust.

A scale of the universe, from atoms to cosmos

Can you really appreciate just how small protons are, or how massive the universe is? To attempt to grasp it, watch this short video which zooms out from a young woman in California to the very limits of the cosmos using established scales. Then, dive deep into the atoms of her white blood cells for a fully-rounded effect.

Wave-particle duality—a simple overview

Our notion of reality is built on everyday experiences. But wave-particle duality is so strange that we are forced to re-examine our common conceptions. Wave-particle duality refers to the fundamental…

Emergent quantum phenomena can produce nonfundamental quasiparticles

While physicists have discovered new particles by colliding known ones at high speeds, placing known particles in extreme environments or configurations can allow quantum mechanics to produce bizarre behaviors, making them seem like new types of matter.

Princeton University offers a free online bitcoin course

Want to understand bitcoin and cryptocurrencies? A free online course from Princeton University unpacks the details of bitcoin, from how it works to what distinguishes it from other currencies, to the security and anonymity associated with its use. Explore explainer videos, or take the course as a series of lessons.

Understanding how gravity works at the quantum scale is physics's greatest challenge

While the theory of general relativity explains how gravity works and quantum mechanics explains interactions at the subatomic scale, the two frameworks contradict one another. Developing a model of gravity mediated by particles can help complete the Standard Model.

Quantum computers can simulate nature more effectively than classical computers

Ordinary computers struggle to simulate quantum fields due to entanglement, but systems built from those elements can model the complexity. Systems using particle in more than two states—qudits—have successfully modeled 2D electromagnetic fields and done so more efficiently.

Einstein and the fourth dimension

How Einstein's greatest theoretical achievement contains a simple but mind-bending proposition—the dimension of time is physically connected to the three observable spatial dimensions.

The Standard Model reveals an underlying organization to the universe

Using the framework of quantum field theory, it structures all known particles into 12 matter particles, alongside five particles that carry three of the four fundamental forces. Although remarkably precise and predictive, it cannot yet explain gravity, dark matter, or dark energy.

View the evolution of atomic models, with four successively overturned between 1900 and 1926

Originally thought to be indivisible spheres unique to each element, the discovery of the electron by J.J. Thomson revealed them to be made of smaller particles. Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment uncovered the existence of nuclei, which Niels Bohr suggested were surrounded by electrons in fixed orbits. By applying quantum mechanics, Erwin Schrödinger replaced orbits with probability clouds.

One of Einstein's papers challenged quantum theory but helped confirm entanglement

In 1935, Einstein suggested that quantum mechanics was incomplete due to its strange implications about entangled particles. Their challenge led to decades of experiments that eventually proved distant particles could affect each other instantly.

Engineer explains VR at five levels of complexity

While its possible to grab a virtual reality headset and hop into an immersive world with little effort, a significant amount of technical and biological science has gone into creating the effect of a 3D world. This video breaks down the technology in five layers of increasing complexity.

Some founders of quantum mechanics thought consciousness could influence phenomena

Since quantum systems exist as a superposition of states before producing a definitive outcome, some quantum pioneers wondered if the act of conscious observation was what collapsed the wave function of possibilities into one state.

Quantum tunneling allows particles to pass through classically impenetrable barriers

First described in 1928, the phenomenon is the result of probability waves, which represent the location of particles in space as extended objects. Just as sound waves can reflect off of and pass through barriers, these probability waves dictate that solid matter has a chance at passing through obstacles.

The basics behind mRNA vaccines

In this video, Yale experts Saad Omer, MBBS, MPH, PhD; Onyema Ogbuagu, MBBCh; and Akiko Iwasaki, PhD, explain the science behind COVID-19 mRNA vaccines.

Lasers, semiconductors, medical imaging, and atomic clocks rely on quantum mechanics

Semiconductors, crucial in electronics, operate based on quantum superposition. Lasers use stimulated emission, a quantum process, and MRI machines leverage the quantum spin of hydrogen atoms for imaging. Atomic clocks measure time with unprecedented precision using quantum transitions.

View the quantum mechanical depiction of electrons as waves around the atomic nucleus

Unlike Bohr's fixed paths, the quantum model describes electrons as exhibiting behavior resembling standing waves—waves that have fixed points at the end while vibrating, like a plucked guitar string. Rather than determining their exact positions, only the probabilities of electrons being in a specific region can be determined.

Once called 'aces,' quarks are fundamental pieces of matter that combine to create over 100 known composite particles, including the proton and neutron.

Probability waves govern particles like electrons in the quantum space

Just as waves are extended objects whose heights change across space, quantum waves dictate that the probability of an object existing in different locations across space varies. Like water waves, the probability waves can combine, changing the heights—and therefore probabilities—in different locations.

The deceptively simple proton

Take a visual deep-dive into the proton, a near-fundamental—but deceivingly simple—building block of nature. Among other beguiling characteristics, the particle can't be described by its constituent particles (quarks), but rather exists in a...

Particle interactions follow rules related to specific quantum properties

Like a business whose purchased inventory matches sold inventory, physicists identified specific patterns across decades of particle accelerator data, which became new conservation laws for elementary particles. These laws help identify which particle decays are expected or forbidden.

Experimenting with space-time

Einstein's theory of general relativity—that mass literally bends space and time—can be difficult for the human brain to imagine. This interactive resource lets you create celestial objects, imagine their effect on space-time, and see how they interact with each other (best viewed on desktop).

Understanding how and when time began requires a theory of quantum gravity

Rewinding the universe to the big bang compresses all matter, energy, space, and time into a single point, necessitating a model that combines general relativity with quantum mechanics. Although physicists understand time to have begun when the universe did, a clear understanding of the mechanisms involved remains unclear.

One of five competing qubit technologies may usher in the quantum computing era

No winning qubit technology exists among photonic networks, superconducting circuits, spin qubits, neutral atoms, and trapped ions. Each has significant limitations and unique advantages, such as neutral-atom systems' ability to maintain quantum states for several minutes, far longer than the others.

IBM Quantum’s dilution refrigerators keep quantum processors colder than space

In IBM’s quantum lab, quantum processors are kept at a temperature of 15 millikelvin using dilution refrigerators. These refrigerators use nested thermal layers, cryogens like liquid nitrogen and helium, and powerful compressors to maintain the ultra-cold temperatures required for qubit stability and performance.

Quantum mechanics and general relativity—two of the most successful explanations of the physics seen across the universe—are logically incompatible with one another because they use contradictory models for space and time.

How the moon moves, an interactive lesson

How exactly does the moon move, and why does it move that way? In this ridiculously comprehensive interactive explainer, you can conduct experiments to see how the moon rotates and as it moves around the Earth, while learning how gravity works by controlling the path and speed of different objects. Dive into this beautiful, simple explainer to learn the basics on gravity and the moon.

Vitalik Buterin explains ethereum in 30 minutes

Every year, ethereum creator Vitalik Buterin explains what his crypto platform is in a 30-minute presentation at the Ethereum Foundation’s event, Devcon. Buterin’s explanation goes deeper than a simple 101 explanation. To learn more about the current state of ethereum, what’s changed recently, and what Buterin expects down the road, watch this video.

Scientists are experimenting with ways to probe the multiverse theory

Researchers are simulating vacuum bubbles—the theorized starting points of universes—using quantum computers, digital models, and exotic lab setups to study how they form, expand, and possibly collide. One experiment aims to "blow" artificial universe-like bubbles inside ultra-cold quantum gases, potentially capturing real-time glimpses of cosmic birth processes in a lab.

Imagining a fourth dimension

Famous astronomer Carl Sagan attempts to describe what it's like to think about the fourth dimension using the famous Flatland example from author Edwin Abbott in this classic video.

Qubits let quantum computers process massive datasets all at once

The quantum phenomena of superposition and entanglement enable qubits to act in 0 and 1 binary states simultaneously and influence each other instantly. These features give quantum computers incredible power, though keeping them stable is a major challenge.

Superconducting qubits have become foundational to today’s quantum computing efforts

Relying on electrons experiencing no friction across metal, these qubits require extremely low temperatures and behave like artificial atoms. The first superconducting qubit, invented in 1999, was large enough to be seen with the naked eye.

Albert Einstein taught courses in Davos

This silent video from the 1920s shows footage of Einstein at Davos. The famous scientist spent time there, delivering public lectures on his theory of relativity as part of the town’s university courses.

The mathematics of quantum-based cryptography, and why existing data is already at risk

Seeing the potential of this technology, some governments and malicious actors are thought to have already started storing encrypted data, in the hopes that quantum computers within the next 10 to 20 years will be able to decrypt it. As of 2022, the National Institute of Standards and Technology had selected four algorithms for inclusion in a quantum-resistant encryption standard.

How string theory explains gravity on the quantum scale, but may be untestable

Combining the general theory of relativity with quantum field theory creates nonsensical mathematical outcomes, such as probabilities of infinity. These are resolved by treating particles as vibrating strings rather than points of matter. However, probing the scale of these strings to validate the theory requires technology equivalent to a particle accelerator the size of the solar system.

The universe might have emerged from a quantum fluctuation—not absolute nothing

Traditional physics breaks down at the moment of the Big Bang, but quantum theory suggests that “empty” space is never truly empty. In 1973, physicist Edward Tryon proposed that our universe began from a quantum energy blip in the quantum vacuum.

Watch how the machine at the heart of NASA's Cold Atom Lab produces atoms near absolute zero—the coldest theoretical temperature in the universe—for experiments involving quantum phenomena.