401(k) plans and pensions differ in who has control over the investments

The prevalence of 401(k) plans and IRAs over pensions shifted investment risk from employers to employees.

Technically speaking, a 401(k) is a type of pension

The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 lumped both defined-contribution plans like 401(k) plans, and defined benefit plans (like what is colloquially known as a pension) under the term “pension” in order to protect workers and make retirement plan enforcement simpler. Learn more about the ERISA here.

Only half of American workers have retirement accounts, like 401(k) plans, through their current jobs.

IRAs and 401(k) plans both help individuals save for retirement, but have their differences

Anyone can open an IRA, but 401(k) plans are accessible only through an employer. These two retirement vehicles also have different contribution limits per year, with 401(k) plans allowing you to contribute significantly more than an IRA.

Explore the key differences between 401(k) plans and IRAs

A 401(k) is employer-sponsored, may include matching contributions, and allows higher annual contributions (up to $23,000). An IRA is self-managed, offers greater control over investments, and has lower contribution limits ($7,000). Both plans come in traditional and Roth options, but income caps may limit IRA choices, while 401(k)s have no such restrictions.

Some multibillion-dollar pension funds depend on hedge funds

Pensions are responsible for safeguarding the retirement plans of many corporate and government employees alike. Pensions differ from 401(k) plans and sometimes rely on alternative assets, like hedge funds, to insulate their portfolios of billions of dollars from volatility in financial markets. Read the case top pension advisor Cambridge Associates makes for hedge funds.

A 401(k) plan allows workers to save for retirement without paying taxes until later

With a 401(k) plans you can invest more money now and let it grow with compound interest. Americans have more than $7T invested in these types of accounts.

US pension plan adoption has declined from 1975 to 2021

Pension plans are a form of guaranteed retirement plan for long-time workers, and they were a major part of industries in the mid-20th century. With the rise of the 401(k) and similar tax-advantaged, defined-contribution accounts, these so-called defined-benefit plans have declined in use by employers. Compare US adoption of both kinds in this table.

Roth 401(k) plans vs regular 401(k) plans

A normal 401(k) defers tax payments to later, while a Roth requires no tax payments at withdrawal time. Financial experts often recommend investing in a Roth 401(k) plan or Roth IRA when someone first starts their career to lock in a relatively low tax rate.

Pension plans investing over 60% in stocks had the highest real returns in 2024

In order to ensure that retirees received all the retirement funds a company or other institution may have promised them, pensions were often limited to investing in run-of-the-mill assets like government securities, investment-grade bonds, and blue-chip stocks. But as market conditions have evolved, pensions are increasingly being invested in a wider range of assets, including alternative investments.

A basic guide to retirement savings account options, the IRA and the 401(k)

The two main types of accounts are 401(k) plans and individual retirement accounts (IRAs)—but what do those mean, exactly? There are differences between the two types, as well as the subtypes beneath them.

Roughly 70 million Americans have 401(k) plans

Ted Benna, a rural benefits consultant, proposed a reinterpretation of a small tweak to the Internal Revenue Code in 1980. This led to a fundamental transformation of how American workers plan for retirement.

About 98% of companies offering employees a 401(k) plan match employee contributions

Broadly speaking, an employer 401(k) match means that if you invest money into your 401(k), your employer will put cash in, too. But these programs are often fairly nuanced.

Having two retirement accounts has its pros and cons

Contributing to both an IRA and a 401(k) lets you increase your retirement savings by about 30% every year. However, you’ll also spend more time actively investing that money and pay more in fees.

401(k) plans had an average of $112K as of 2023

The median, however, is much lower at around $27K. The average balance of a 401(k) in the US differs across different age groups and income levels.

401(k) is a section of the US tax code

How did 401(k) plans get their name? Check out the 401(k) section (and subsection) of the US tax code made famous by benefits consultant Ted Benna. Tap into your inner accountant and check out the now-famous portion of the dense, 10,000-section tome that is the Internal Revenue Code.

Some people roll their 401(k) into an IRA to have more control over their account

However, some argue that you could end up paying less money to invest in a 401(k) plan than you would to invest in an IRA. This article offers a list of pros and cons regarding rolling a 401(k) into an IRA.

Fees can eat away at your 401(k)

Every investment plan has an expense ratio—a percentage of the total assets that goes to the investment manager in the form of fees. Because 401(k) plans are so common, and many of their participants are not savvy investors, the relative expense ratio for them has often excessively increased.

Most pensions are subject to federal income taxes

Those taxes kick in once someone starts taking distributions from their pension. Whether a pension is subject to state income taxes depends on the state and other factors. Learn more about how pensions are taxed in this article.

The 401(k) is limited in its ability to provide guaranteed retirement income

Part of the problem is the high, often hidden fees associated with the accounts and a lack of access. Plus, analysts say the annual cost in tax revenue to the government is more than $100B.

What is a 401(k)?

Should you get a 401(k)? To make sense of this obscure piece of tax code, here’s a beginner’s guide to one of the more common forms of retirement savings in the US. Learn the history of the 401(k), how to sign up for one, the different types, and more in this well-organized and concise explainer from Investopedia.

Cash balance pension plans provide the option of a lifetime annuity

Specifically, these defined-benefit plans are retirement plans that differ from traditional pensions in that they can come in one lump sum rather than in monthly payments. These plans are most popular among small business owners and their employees. Learn more about them in this article.

Pensions often must ‘vest’ for an employee to be eligible for them

This means that often, an employee won’t be eligible to receive a full pension benefit from an employer until they have worked at the job for a certain number of years. Specifically, these vesting schedules determine when one owns their employer’s pension contributions. The number of years varies significantly by employer.

529s vs. Roth IRA

Roth IRAs and 529 plans both offer tax advantages, but they serve different goals. 529s are state-run accounts meant for education, offering tax-free growth and withdrawals for qualified expenses. Roth IRAs are built for retirement, but can also be tapped for education, with more investment flexibility and fewer contribution limits.

Pension funds' allocations to risky, alternative investments increased by 25% between 2001 and 2021

The portion of pension funds' risky investments, including alternative investments such as private equity, increased from 14% in 2001 to 39% in 2021. Analysts say private equity investments have delivered higher returns than traditional assets like stocks and bonds. Increased investment in private equity has also given pensions a way to recover from the 2008 financial crisis without necessarily investing more money.

When a pension holder dies, payments are sometimes passed on to a relative

Those relatives are often the pension holder’s surviving spouses or dependents. This article offers tips from a financial expert on how to make sure your spouse is taken care of during retirement, including navigating a pension’s ultimate destination.

Although anyone can contribute to a traditional IRA, not everyone can access its tax deductions

If you or your spouse contributes to a 401(k), you likely won’t be able to deduct your traditional IRA contributions from your taxes. On the flip side, if you don’t contribute to an employer-sponsored retirement account, you’re probably eligible for that tax deduction.

If your job doesn’t offer a 401(k), you still have retirement savings options

Do you know more than a third of working adults aren't offered a 401(k) through their jobs? If you're part of that group, you still have options for retirement savings, including IRAs, taxable investment accounts, and more.

The average American contributed nearly $6,000 to a 401(k) retirement account in 2023.

Smart tips for making the most of your 401(k)

There’s a lot of advice about handling a 401(k), but it can be mired in disclaimers and legalese. Come prepared to your financial advisor or accountant by watching this informative take on how to properly use a 401(k), from consolidating plans to some of the most common errors.

Explore a guide to 529 college savings plans

Investors put after-tax dollars into these education-earmarked accounts, and like a 401(k) or IRA, they invest them into stocks, bonds, or funds. When it comes time to withdraw, investors do not pay any taxes on distributions. However, the money must be used for approved expenses like college tuition, textbooks, and trade schools.

Researchers, experts, and retirees are finding that the 401(k) has left much to be desired

Baby Boomers, once the biggest generation, are now creating the largest wave of retirees in US history. Much of this generation is also the first to retire predominantly on the expectation that their 401(k) plans or similar tax-advantaged accounts performed well in the markets—which isn’t always the case.

The IRS sets new contribution limits for IRAs and 401(k) plans each year

In 2024, individuals could contribute up to $7K across all their IRAs. People aged 50 and older could contribute up to $8K. For 2025, the IRS kept the same contribution limits.

Ted Benna is the father of the 401(k)

It took a benefits consultant to highlight the financial power of a subtle, obscure tax code change buried away in Section 401, subsection k of the Internal Revenue Code. Benna realized this section, designed primarily for high-earning corporate executives, could help workers save money on taxes when preparing for retirement.

An individual retirement account is a type of tax-advantaged investment account

An IRA lets individuals at most income levels invest either pre- or post-tax money for retirement. IRAs are often good solutions for people who don’t have the option to invest in a 401(k) plan—or for those who want to put even more money aside for retirement.

Who has retirement accounts?

Though every worker wants to retire, only some have retirement accounts. Data from the Census Bureau shows those who currently own such accounts are disproportionately white and Asian men in the Baby Boomer generation, suggesting access to these crucial retirement plans is not equal. Dive into the numbers and get a sense of who has retirement accounts here.

The financial crisis in 2008 had a major impact on many 401(k) plans

Amid the 2008 financial crisis, stocks and bonds cratered as the broader market floundered due to the subprime mortgage crisis. Investors with so-called "target-date" funds—which shift allocations based on the maturation of a fund—shared in the slump, with some funds declining by 20% or more just a year or two away from maturation.

Learn about the differences between traditional and Roth IRAs

Traditional IRAs allow tax-deductible contributions, but withdrawals in retirement are taxed as income. Roth IRAs use after-tax dollars, offering tax-free withdrawals later, but income limits may restrict eligibility. Choosing between the two depends on your financial situation today and your future tax outlook.

What 401(k) savers near retirement can do amid market volatility

If you're close to retirement, volatility in the stock market can feel scary. This guide for 401(k) savers has suggestions on what to do with your retirement accounts during uncertain times, based on how close you are to the age you'd like to retire.

529 plans have some withdrawal penalties

The IRS imposes a 10% penalty on non-qualified withdrawals from 529 college savings plans, which hold funds for education-related expenses. However, there are exceptions to the rule, including if the beneficiary dies or becomes disabled. There's also an exception for beneficiaries that receive tax-free scholarships or attend military academies.

A 401(k) 'super catch-up' lets people between 60 and 63 add money to their 401(k)

Through a "super catch-up," they can boost their retirement contributions as they prepare to stop working. But super catch-ups aren't always right for everyone.

Traditional IRAs are tax-deferred—meaning you’ll pay taxes when you withdraw funds during retirement, rather than before you invest in the IRA

You can typically deduct traditional IRA contributions from your taxes. To invest in a Roth IRA, on the other hand, you must contribute money that has already been taxed.

State governments have public pensions for their employees

In many US states, these pensions are set aside for teachers, firefighters, and/or other state government workers. However, many of these pensions are currently underfunded. This map provides a visual representation of how strong each US states’ public pensions are.

Americans ages 30 to 34 have $44,800 in their 401(k) accounts on average

Americans ages 28 to 44 save about 13.5% of their pretax income on average, which is close to the recommended retirement savings rate of 15%.

There are four main types of IRAs to choose from

Those types are traditional, Roth, SEP, and SIMPLE. While all IRAs can help you save for retirement, each type has its own tax advantages and eligibility requirements, such as employment type or income level.

Investing in mutual funds can give you access to a wide range of securities, such as stocks and bonds, with just a single investment.

Annuities can help protect investors from outliving their retirement savings

While an annuity is also a contract between an individual and an insurance company, a life insurance policy differs in that it protects the beneficiaries in the event of the policyholder’s death.

The scope of 529 plans has expanded, but 529s still have some drawbacks

The tax-advantaged accounts can be used to pay for K-12 education, apprenticeship programs, and student loans, in addition to their original purpose: paying for college. But 529s have downsides, such as fees and penalties for non-qualified uses.

Mutual fund investors typically must pay a variety of different types of taxes associated with their investment, unless the funds are within tax-advantaged accounts like a 401(k) or IRA.

Explore the differences between private equity, venture capital, and hedge funds

Private equity firms focus on buying and improving private companies with the intent to sell them for profit or take them public. Venture capital is technically a form of private equity in which investors focus on startups and generally don't seek majority control of the company. Hedge funds are pooled investments for sophisticated investors that pursue a wide range of often complex strategies.