Carried interest is a share of the profits that a venture capital firm’s general partners earn

The 'Two and Twenty' structure allows hedge funds and private equity firms to earn significant returns

With this structure, firms charge limited partners or "LPs" a 2% management fee for overseeing the fund (assets under management or AUM) and take 20% of the fund's overall profits (carried interest). Many private credit funds also operate under this structure.

See the anatomy of a venture capital firm

Venture capital firms get the money they use to invest in companies from limited partners, also called LPs. It’s the general partner’s job to manage that money and invest it in the right startups.

80% of a VC firm's returns come from 20% of the deals, per VC's 'power law'

Early-stage startups are highly risky investments. Many companies in a VC portfolio will not provide any significant return.

Private equity IRR is the internal rate of return on a PE investment or fund

It's typically expressed as an annualized percentage that incorporates both the size and timing of cash flows between investors and the fund. It's the discount rate that makes the net present value of all cash flows equal zero. Many private equity funds target a net IRR in the mid‑teens to low‑20s percent range, with an 8% "hurdle" or preferred return as a minimum before carried interest or "carry" is paid.

Why women are underrepresented in VC

Only about 11% of investing partners at venture capital firms are women, according to Harvard Kennedy School research. What’s more, only about 13% of VC dollars go to startups with a woman on the founding team. To learn more about why women are so often sidelined on both sides of the venture capital equation, click here.

Venture capital is a type of financing that firms and funds use to invest in startups they believe have the potential for long-term growth

Household name companies such as Airbnb and Uber might not exist without venture capital, which is commonly referred to as "VC" for short.

Explore the differences between private equity, venture capital, and hedge funds

Private equity firms focus on buying and improving private companies with the intent to sell them for profit or take them public. Venture capital is technically a form of private equity in which investors focus on startups and generally don't seek majority control of the company. Hedge funds are pooled investments for sophisticated investors that pursue a wide range of often complex strategies.

Angel investors often receive significant equity because of the risk they take

Angel investors fund startups at an early stage, at which time a company’s success is less assured. In exchange, they often ask for a significant equity stake.

Hedge funds make money from imposing steep fees on investors, as well as from investment performance

Hedge funds often operate on a "2 and 20" model: Investors pay fund managers a 2% management fee, and the hedge fund keeps 20% of their profits. (The 2% is imposed annually, irrespective of performance.) Hedge funds are known for chasing big returns—and taking big risks to get them. This explainer not only breaks down how they work in detail, but also the strategy first introduced in 1949 that still shapes hedge fund investing today.

Find out how venture capitalists make decisions

More than 30% of venture capital deals come from leads courtesy of a VC’s former colleagues or professional network. You can learn more about how venture capitalists decide which companies to invest in by reading this article.

In 2023, venture capital firms invested $170B in over 15,000 US companies

That's a significant drop from 2022’s $242B, reflecting market uncertainty but continuing VC’s role in scaling transformative ideas. Rooted in early risk-sharing models, venture capital took off with firms like ARDC in 1946, later evolving into today’s influential players like Sequoia Capital and Andreessen Horowitz.

In 2024, US private equity posted an 8.1% return

Tracked by Cambridge Associates, 2024 performance saw limited partner distributions overtake contributions for the first time in years. Cambridge Associates, a leader in the space, typically uses a 2.0x+ MOIC (Multiple on Invested Capital) as a benchmark for top-quartile PE fund success.

Startup founders’ equity becomes diluted as they bring in more investors

When an angel investor funds a company in exchange for equity, startups issue new shares to them, rather than giving them existing shares, and boost the company’s valuation.

Dive deep into the numbers that shape each YC deal

Y Combinator invests $500K into each company in any given batch. $125K of that investment converts into a fixed 7% in ownership of the startup, and the other $375K is invested on something called an uncapped MFN safe. YC explains what that means and more terms of the deal in a detailed article on their website

The majority of capital in private equity funds is provided by institutional investors

The individuals who invest this initial capital are called the firm's limited partners. Private equity firm LPs include sovereign wealth funds, university endowments, high-net-worth individuals, and more.

How venture capital firms came to be

The venture capital firm that kickstarted an industry.

Asia-Pacific's share of global venture capital investment has jumped from 3% to 28% in 20 years

China has driven much of that growth due to its manufacturing power and tech sector. This graphic shows how the share of total venture capital deal value changed around the world between 1997 and 2023.

Compounding, explained

During conversations about personal finance, the term "compounding" gets thrown around—but not everyone understands how compound interest and compound returns work. Broadly speaking, compounding is what happens when you not only earn returns or interest on your original investment, but also on the accumulated returns or interest you receive over time. This article explains how both of these processes function, and what compounding could mean for your wallet.

Angel investors funded startups with nearly $28B in 2024

Statistics about the angel investing market show that billions are spent funding early-stage startups each year. Companies with more angel interest had higher success rates.

71% of equity investments in Q1 2025 went to AI companies

That's up from just 14% in 2020, according to JPMorgan, which recently conducted an analysis of venture capital investment trends in the US.

Angel investors typically fund a startup at an earlier stage than venture capitalists

Angel investors and venture capitalists both invest in startups, but they differ in a few key ways. Angel investors typically invest earlier and in a smaller amount.

Companies pay multiple fees as part of the IPO process

When a company decides to approach IPO, it typically hires investment bankers—who earn about 7% of the IPO’s gross proceeds—to help set the organization’s target valuation range and schedule an IPO date. But that isn't the only fee associated with the IPO process.

Private equity firms can be 'powerful partners' or 'formidable competitors'

Under the best circumstances, PE firms can increase a company's value using strategies that might not be suitable for public companies facing pressure for immediate shareholder returns. But PE firms are often portrayed negatively due to the aggressive strategies they sometimes use to cut inefficiencies. As PE has grown, many firms have changed their strategies, shifting away from aggressive scaling to more integrated acquisitions.

Compound interest has been called the eighth wonder of the world

That's because it has the near-magical quality of helping financial investments grow exponentially. Rather than accruing a standard lump of simple interest annually, compound interest takes the previous year’s yield and reinvests it as part of the principal.

How mutual funds work

Mutual funds function similarly to other types of investments. If you want to invest, you go through a brokerage firm. However, they have a few key differentiators. Most are actively managed by a broker instead of passively earning you returns. Plus, they can carry some hefty fees.

Credit card companies make money through interest, annual fees, and more

They also profit from interchange fees, the fee the retailer has to pay the credit card network in order to facilitate a transaction. The fee is typically between 1% and 3% of the transaction amount.

2025 venture capital funding by destination, visualized

This chart's source, Dealroom, uses "breakout capital" to refer to funding rounds or companies in the $15M to $100M total funding range. It labels the startup stage as under $15M, and the scaleup stage as $100M+.

Convertible notes represent loans that startups owe investors

In the second part of a two-part series, convertible notes are explained to be a tool angel investors use to ensure they see a return on their investment in a startup.

Mutual fund share classes are rankings of different types of services for investors.

Private equity is viewed as an alternative investment

These different types of private equity include venture capital, growth equity, and buyouts.

Private credit is a nonbank loan made directly to a business

Similar to private equity, private credit is part of the private markets world. Both strategies offer illiquid, privately negotiated investments for privately held companies. Unlike private equity investors, however, private credit investors typically do not take ownership stakes in the companies they invest in.

See a list of 2024’s top 10 VC firms

A list of the top 10 VC firms, like Sequoia Capital and Andreessen Horowitz, ranked by assets under management shows how those two firms stack up against their competitors—and what kinds of companies those competitors invest in.

Platforms like AngelList help angel investors find startups to fund

Angel investors leverage their high net worths to fund seed-stage startups. While they could see high returns, investing in such an early company is a risk.

Retail investors cannot directly invest in private credit funds—but other financial vehicles can offer exposure to the industry

For example, as some US regulations have loosened in recent years, retail investors have begun to get exposure to the private credit market via ETFs that invest in publicly traded financial vehicles with private credit exposure, such as BDCs.

A cost basis is an asset's purchase price after accounting for certain other factors

If you bought a share for $5 and sold it for $140, your capital gain would be $135...on paper, at least. In reality, the math is fuzzier. Capital gains are actually the difference between the sale price of the asset and your cost basis.

The S&P 500 yields a roughly 10.5% average annual return

Tthe factors that go into that calculation are multifaceted—from how inflation impacts it to the stocks themselves. During periods of high inflation, stock performance can be stunted by investor concerns, for instance. The average return also varies based on whether dividends are included.

A successful angel investor can multiply their investment by 3 to 10 times.

Startup accelerators offer mentorship and seed funding in exchange for equity

Those programs, such as Y Combinator and Techstars, not only offer expert advice to founders, but also seed funding in exchange for equity. The goal is to help young startups learn from successful companies, making it more likely they attract venture capital.

Why do long-term capital gains get taxed at preferential rates?

The 1920s defined capital gains as “unearned” taxable income—as opposed to “earned” income from jobs—and set into practice preferential tax rates for long-term capital gains that are hotly debated to this day. This historical review explores how voices in favor of preferential rates were arguing on behalf of greater market liquidity and incentive for investment activity. Learn more about the real history of capital gains tax rates here.

Reinvested dividends are not a way to dodge paying capital gains taxes

When an investor holds stock in a company that pays a dividend—a portion of its profits directly returned to shareholders as monthly or quarterly payments—they can choose to hold that dividend in cash, spend it, or reinvest it into more shares of that company’s stock.

It's difficult for individual investors to purchase IPO shares

Although the process of going public means the general public can invest in a company, the initial investment period is different. Before individual investors get in on the action, investment bankers sell the shares to larger financial institutions who can afford the asking price and risk associated with an IPO.

Companies sometimes issue corporate bonds to raise capital

These bonds offer investors regular interest payments in addition to the return of the principal amount at maturity. They allow companies to raise capital without losing ownership.

Long- and short-term capital gains have different tax implications

Short-term gains (assets held for one year or less) are taxed like regular income, at rates up to 37%. Meanwhile, long-term gains (assets held over a year) are capped at 20%, offering significant savings for high earners.

Value investing seeks to buy stocks trading below their intrinsic worth

Value investing specifically focuses on fundamentals like earnings, assets, and price-to-earnings ratios. In contrast, growth investing targets companies with rapid future potential, often trading at higher valuations. Both strategies offer unique paths to returns.

Companies often use different share classes, like Class A or Class B, to structure ownership

Share classes refer to specific types of company stock that are distinguished by the rights they grant, such as voting power and dividend access.

Private credit and private equity are both alternative assets

Like private equity fund managers, private credit managers typically raise funds directly from investors, lending to corporations. The borrowers can benefit from the lack of middlemen and resulting efficiency, and the lenders often yield comparatively higher returns.

According to some estimates, roughly 75% of venture-backed startups fail, making startups inherently risky ventures.

Investors need a 'margin account' to short sell stock

Margin accounts are leveraged accounts through brokerage firms that allow investors to make trades without the full amount of capital on hand. Similar to a secured loan, margin accounts often require some form of collateral and typically have a cap on how much investors can borrow. However, trading with a margin account is much riskier than a traditional investment account. Fees and charged interest are due on margin accounts, regardless of trade performance, meaning it's possible for investors to lose more money than just their initial investment.

Short-term capital gains are gains on sales made in less than a year

In 2024, a single filer making anywhere between $200,001 and $243,725 per year would pay a 15% tax on long-term capital gains. But when it comes to short-term capital gains, they’d be taxed at the same rate as their regular income, which, in their case, is 32%.

From 19th-century whalers to startup accelerators, venture capital has a pretty exciting history

While the aforementioned whaling industry has a lot of similarities to today’s venture fund models, the first modern venture capital firm wasn’t founded until 1946.