Safely explore historic viruses and other malicious software in the Malware Museum.

Explore demonstrations of hundreds of viruses and other malware in action

On their YouTube channel, Malware historian Daniel White has documented what happens when various types of malware—mostly from the 1980s and 90s—run on a computer or Nokia cell phone. The demonstrations were safely conducted within virtual machines—older operating systems run within contained windows of modern software, resembling a picture-in-picture setup.

Watch a guided video tour of the Museum of Malware Art

The site includes installations, sculptures, textiles, musical pieces, and galleries inspired by malicious software and related technologies, including the ILOVEYOU virus, encryption protocols from ransomware attacks, and the Industroyer malware framework used by Russia to cut power to Ukraine.

The history of malware includes computer viruses, worms, trojans, and ransomware

Some of the earliest significant pieces of malware—the Creeper worm and the Elk Cloner virus—displayed silly messages to users without causing major harm. As computer science has advanced, malware has become more easily spread, incorporated social engineering to manipulate users, targeted infrastructure systems, and been used by governments for virtual espionage.

Many early computer viruses were not created for malicious purposes

Besides those authored in research labs as proofs of concept for self-replicating software, hobbyists would create malware that played music or displayed text and animations that intentionally revealed the infection as a means of showing off, rather than hiding their spread.

Modern antivirus software searches for malicious behavior alongside malicious code

The first viral infections were identified by comparing the computer code of programs and files with a database of known virus codes, a method known as signature detection. The ongoing creation of new malware made databases continuously outdated, leading to the development of systems that detect patterns consistent with known viral activity.

Malware has transitioned from notoriety-driven to profit- and data-driven

Many of the first researchers and hobbyists who created viruses and worms showed a natural curiosity in experimenting with and designing such software to make a name for themselves and advance the field of computer science. In the future, AI-augmented malware may adapt in real-time or design enhanced cryptojackers, infostealers, and ransomware for cybercriminals.

Explore the cost of major viruses and other malware incidents through 2017

The first significant malware was the Morris worm in 1988, which caused an estimated $10,000 to $10M in damage to computers. With $38B in damage caused, Mydoom is the most costly piece of malware in history. Spread via email and, at one point, accounting for about 25% of all messages sent worldwide, the malware infected computers to create a botnet that launched cyberattacks.

View a list of simple ways you can avoid catching a computer virus

Because this type of malware requires human intervention, such as plugging an infected flash drive into a computer or downloading and running an infected file, the chance of infection can be greatly reduced by being cautious about unfamiliar emails, attachments, and links. Keeping systems up to date with the latest security fixes is also crucial.

The first computer virus was created by a USC doctoral candidate in 1983

A year after creating malware in a controlled experiment that multiplied until it took over all of a computer's memory, Fred Cohen went public with his research and its risks. He called the self-replicating software a "computer virus," a term Cohen's advisor, Leonard Adleman, coined to describe its infectious behavior. (Some readers may experience a paywall.)

In 2015, a custom virus program was used to destroy and transform art images

At the Art Laboratory Berlin's "bOdy pandemOnium: Immersion into Noise" exhibit, Chicago-born artist Joseph Nechvatal explored viractualism—the interface between the biological and the technological—via a custom virus program that randomly altered images representing the human eye and rectum.

Different types of malware are categorized by how they spread or operate

Computer viruses require user interaction to execute a file and spread, whereas worms can self-replicate across systems without human intervention. Ransomware locks systems until a key is provided, spyware tracks and reports user activity to a third party, and trojans disguise various types of malware as legitimate software.

Creating malware requires more than knowledge of programming languages

Because computer viruses, worms, and other malicious software reside within a computer's operating system, which manages computer hardware and software, cybercriminals writing effective malicious code must understand how the OS manages input and output, permissions, memory, etc. Knowledge of credentials and network access also helps create malware that easily spreads.

In 2019, a laptop loaded with six of the worst malware in history and described as 'an exhibit of historical weaponry' sold for $1.3M.

The Melissa 'virus' helped associate pornographic sites with computer viruses

A worm-embedded document posted online enticed users to download and open it by alleging to contain passwords to paywalled explicit websites. Upon opening, the worm shared itself with 50 addresses in a user's Outlook contacts, masquerading as a friendly attachment. Its rapid spread overwhelmed email servers and caused $1.1B in damage worldwide.

Some viruses evade detection by altering their own code or hiding in Microsoft Office

Computer viruses are often classified by how they spread or which files they infect, with the oldest ones—boot sector viruses—targeting systems that are active when a computer is turned on. Macros—custom codes in office productivity programs authored to automate tasks—spawned their own class of viruses.

Your device can become infected with malware by simply browsing the internet

During a drive-by download attack, security flaws in a program or operating system (e.g., Windows) used to access online content are exploited, and malicious code is downloaded—for example, when loading a hacked webpage—onto a user's device without their knowledge. Restricting internet browsing to safe sites and installing security updates helps prevent these attacks.

A computer virus is a type of malware that self-replicates and spreads

Spread through emails, downloads, messaging services, and outdated software, viruses attach to programs, self-replicate, and infect other systems. They can delete files, steal data, and cause performance issues as they spread.

Explore 3D models of some of the most dangerous viruses, allowing us to understand these and other pathogens in new ways.

The ILOVEYOU virus exemplified how social engineering could help spread malware

Displaying as LOVE-LETTER-FOR-YOU.TXT on Windows computers, the file appeared to be a love letter, which many users willingly opened. However, the file contained a script that damaged and hid files, caused Internet Explorer to download software to help steal passwords, and copied itself to all Outlook contacts to continue spreading.

Computer viruses can slow systems by allocating resources to malicious actions

Once infected software is run, instructions in the malicious code within the program or file can copy the code to various locations, exacerbating the infection and producing additional symptoms, such as slow performance, altered login credentials, changes to device settings, and system crashes.

Logic bomb viruses can awaken from a dormant phase without human input

Theoretically, computer viruses can remain idle indefinitely while awaiting specific user actions, as instructed by their code. However, logic bombs—embedded code that triggers when specific conditions are met—can automatically execute viruses, such as when a certain date or time is reached.

Elk Cloner, the first computer virus to spread in public, was written as a practical joke by Richard Skrenta, a Pittsburgh high school student.

The Chernobyl virus earned its name for activating on the meltdown's anniversary

Affecting Windows 95 and 98 computers, it filled gaps in the code of any program opened after infecting a computer, earning it the nickname "Spacefiller." On April 26, 1999, the virus overwrote part of the software responsible for booting up a computer, rendering it unusable.

Explore a visual history of the Windows operating system

Named after the windows that separate different applications, the operating system’s first version came preinstalled with Calculator, Paint, and Reversi. There was no Windows 9 to avoid compatibility issues with legacy code searching for Windows 95 and 98 files via a “windows9” query.

See colorized mpox virus particles grown in culture at Fort Detrick, Maryland, where high-biosecurity pathogens are studied.

Explore a technical look at the measles virus and its toll on humanity through the ages.

Computer viruses' hijacking abilities led them to be named after biological viruses

Just as their counterparts infect cells and take control of cellular processes to replicate endlessly, computer viruses cannot replicate on their own and must copy their code into host software before duplicating when the program or file is opened. The term "virus" comes from the Latin word for "venom."

A virtual art gallery in the mode of 'Doom'

One of the earliest video games to use 3D interfaces, 1993's "Doom" was a first-person shooter set on the moons of Mars which ended in hell. It became one of the most critically and commercially successful games of all time. Now, you can wander virtually in an art gallery in the mode of the game, sipping wine and perusing pixelated versions of classic works of art.

Pictures of paintings: a virtual art museum

If you can't get to the art museum, maybe try bringing the art museum to you. This independent project presents photographs of select classic, public-domain paintings in an interactive format so you can get the full museum effect from home. Note:...

The foundation for computer viruses was published after its creator's death

In the late 1940s, Hungarian American mathematician, scientist, and engineer John von Neumann gave a series of lectures where he explained the theoretical framework for a computer program that could replicate itself—the von Neumann Universal Constructor. His lectures were later compiled and published in 1966, nine years after his death from cancer.

Explore an emulated demo of Windows 95 Microsoft Plus to try your hand at Solitaire, 3D Pinball Space Cadet, and other classic Windows applications.

View a collection of historical documents about molecular biology's history

The collection features materials related to those involved in the discovery of DNA and provides historical context for the discoveries of RNA, various viruses, and important bioproteins. The items include photographs, business correspondence, manuscripts, and scientific instruments.

Visualizing the growth of botnets

Botnets are a network of computers that have been infected with a variant of malware that coordinates and leverages them for automated mass attacks such as data theft and crashing servers. This interactive map highlights where botnets have been located between 2014-2020.

Watch an ethical hacker provide a tour of the dark web

Cybersecurity researcher John Hammond explores the effectiveness of a dark web search engine, leaks from ransomware group data breaches, and a categorized index of dark web links, including some that are alleged to host malware. Many dark web sites are no longer active or host scams to fool unsuspecting visitors.

'Games That Weren't' preserves lost video game history

Since 1999, this large, online, nonprofit archive has saved the stories of cancelled and unreleased video games. See prototypes, developer history, and assets for various computers and consoles of all ages, including gems like Cartoon Network's "Toon Jam!"

Dispose of invading viruses while learning about the CRISPR immune system

In this free, easy-to-play game, defend the city of Bacterium by playing the role of Cris Perotein. As you play, you'll learn microbiology and the workings of the mechanisms that CRISPR uses to protect bacteria. (desktop recommended)

Peter Norton, for whom Norton Antivirus is named, questioned the threat of viruses

The software author was among several computer experts in 1988 who suggested that reports on the threat of computer viruses were exaggerated, referring to testimonials of infections and their spread as "urban legends."

View an illustrated history of Microsoft Solitaire, first released as part of the Windows 3.0 operating system in 1990 to help users get familiar with using a mouse.

Watch Bill Gates trigger the Blue Screen of Death during a Windows 98 demo

During a live Windows 98 demo at a computer trade show, Bill Gates watched as the system crashed with the infamous “Blue Screen of Death”—a critical Windows error screen signaling a system failure—midway through the presentation.

Variola: the second-deadliest virus on Earth

Because it was declared eradicated in 1980, many forget smallpox is one of history's deadliest diseases—in its final century, it's estimated to have claimed 500 million lives. This 11-minute video from production studio Kurzgesagt takes a look at...

See the original websites for companies like Google, Facebook, and Apple

Explore archived images of homepages on websites dating all the way back to 1991.

The Internet Archive is a nonprofit digital library of the Web

Founded in 1996, the Archive promotes open access and the digital preservation of online information and, as of 2026, contains more than 200 petabytes of content, including over one trillion web pages, 56 million books and texts, 13 million audio recordings, 1.3 million software programs, and other digital content.

A timeline of computer history

The earliest computers bear little resemblance to the computing devices that most people rely on today. This timeline graphic from the Computer History Museum tracks their evolution, from the early days of bulky mainframes that only experts generally used through to the personal computing revolution and on to the modern mobile era. Readers will learn important context ahead of the next major computing platform shift.

Read an oral history of the Y2K panic

This oral history brings together programmers, engineers, and officials who first identified the date flaw and then spent years alerting the public to the danger and racing to repair millions of lines of code.

The gut microbiome's community of viruses is collectively known as the virome, but most of its viruses remain unidentified.

Where did artful screen savers go? A history

Early on in the personal computer days, users and engineers realized screens could be damaged if the same image—of a button, a logo, or a navigation bar—stays static for too long. To preserve the screen, developers deployed screen savers—automatic reductions in the light intensity, or regularly changing patterns on the screen. These artful screen savers had a heyday in the 1990s, but have since lost popularity to the simple black screen. Read the history here.

Explore the Museum of the World

This collaboration between the British Museum and Google presents an interactive timeline showing artifacts from five world regions. Go back in time and learn about each item from the museum.

Explore a database of free games you can play in your web browser, including classics like Mahjongg.

View the model of the tobacco mosaic virus from the 1958 Brussels World's Fair

After she finished analyzing her X-ray diffraction data on DNA fibers, Rosalind Franklin explored plant virus structures. For her work on the TMV, she was invited to build this 5-foot model, modified from earlier versions made of ping pong balls and bicycle handlebar grips.

Microsoft’s 'Blue Screen of Death' was a symbol of computer crashes for over 30 years

In 2025, the symbol was replaced with a "Black Screen of Death" for improved readability and alignment with Windows 11's modern design. It became a pop culture symbol after appearing in Bill Gates' live tech demo of Windows 98.