Explore the basics of arthritis in this 1440 Original video with orthopedic surgeon Dr. Nick Golinvaux.

Watch real knee surgery footage to see what arthritis looks like up close.

Arthritis is an umbrella term for various conditions that cause joint pain, including osteoarthritis, inflammatory arthritis, posttraumatic arthritis, and septic (infectious) arthritis.

The most common type of arthritis is osteoarthritis, which is sometimes called 'wear and tear' arthritis, referring to age-related cartilage loss.

Five advancements in arthritis research

It is estimated that nearly 350 million people worldwide are currently suffering from arthritis. This resource explores five of the most promising recent advancements in arthritis research as scientists work towards improved treatments and continue the search for a cure.

Arthritis affects almost 60 million Americans, with about 1 in 5 US adults developing this type of joint pain as they age.

Visualizing a joint under attack from rheumatoid arthritis

A particularly difficult arthritis subtype is rheumatoid arthritis, a painful condition provoking a vicious cycle of joint inflammation, destruction, and dysfunction. It begins with a misfiring of the patient’s own immune system—for unknown reasons, it identifies joint and cartilage cells as foreign, initiating an attack to eliminate the supposed "invaders."

A human joint is any place in the human body where two bones connect, providing structure and stability.

There is no cure for arthritis, which includes more than 100 separate joint pain and stiffness conditions.

Diagnosis and treatment of hip and knee osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis, resulting from age-related degeneration of the soft cartilage lining between bones. As this layer breaks down, the normal smooth motion between bones is lost and the joint becomes painful.

Rheumatoid arthritis affects about 1% of the population

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition leading to breakdown and inflammation of multiple joints throughout the body. This academic article provides an updated deep dive into our current cellular understanding of rheumatoid arthritis, how it is diagnosed, and the variety of medications available for treating this painful condition.

Limb regeneration research may lead to treatments for arthritis

For scientists pursuing the cure for arthritis, the holy grail of discoveries lies in how to regrow healthy cartilage inside human joints. While this feat has so far resisted our best scientific attempts, there are plenty of other human tissues—such as the liver and fingertips—that will successfully regenerate.

Aging explained with Dr. Nick Golinvaux

Aging is more than wrinkles and gray hair—it’s a gradual decline in cellular function. Over time, DNA damage, telomere shortening, and mitochondrial inefficiency contribute to weaker bones, slower memory, and reduced vitality. While aging is inevitable, regular exercise, quality sleep, and stress management maintain health and extend one’s years.

Kangaroos evolved exceptionally thick knee cartilage to absorb shock, and scientists are studying the animals for potential insights about how to safeguard human knees against arthritis.

Aging is a complex biological process affecting our cells, tissues, and organs.

Each part of the human body experiences aging differently

With global average life expectancy cresting at 73 years, understanding how the body ages is imperative to effective medical treatment and maintaining a desired quality of life. This 13-minute video dives into how the body and its organs age "from head to toe."

Addressing lifestyle factors, which influence inflammation, can cure some chronic diseases

In this video, a physician claims that he reversed a patient's Type 2 diabetes in six weeks by addressing inflammation drivers such as diet. More broadly, he argues that society needs to better consider and address numerous disease factors that are modulated by inflammation, such as stress, sleep, diet, and movement.

Rheumatoid arthritis occurs when the immune system attacks cells within joints.

Impressionist painter Pierre-Auguste Renoir suffered from arthritis in the 1800s when there were no treatments, and eventually had such limited hand function that he painted with brushes placed in his mouth.

Explore this 1440 Original video offering a primer on Alzheimer's disease and what's known about its incidence, causes, and more.

Researchers are investigating how altering the gut microbiome may influence the development of rheumatoid arthritis, which is an autoimmune disease.

Aging results from the cumulative breakdown of cellular and tissue processes

A cumulative breakdown of cellular and tissue processes combines to result in decreased organ function, disrupting the systems driving normal human physiology. This five-minute video provides a primer on the subject, complete with a discussion of risk factors, cellular changes, and potential future treatments in the fight against aging.

Explore the biology of pain and why the experience of pain may differ widely from one person to another.

Breaking down the knee's anatomy

The human knee is a remarkably complex structure carrying the full weight of the body throughout a person's life while allowing a number of complex twists, flexes, and extensions. It's also one of the body's biggest weaknesses—the location of chronic pain and replacement surgeries for millions of Americans.

The collapse of gas bubbles in the joint synovial fluid causes 'cracking' knuckles.

See the anatomy of a healthy knee joint, which has smooth cartilage that cushions the joints and protects the bones from rubbing together.

Inflammaging is chronic low-level inflammation as we age, and it may be a key disease driver

The term refers to the idea that largely invisible but consistent low-level inflammation as humans age fuels chronic diseases and cellular aging. Inflammaging, this article says, is due to lifestyle factors like poor sleep, low levels of activity, and poor diet, acting in concert to cause cellular damage and trigger inflammation.

Discover how strength training may help your brain and what happens inside your cells when you work out with this original '1440 Explores' podcast.

Watch patient stories describing life with macular degeneration

This video series features patients discussing their experiences with the disorder, family members describing caregiving, and other insights about the disease.

Autoimmune diseases affect between 5% and 10% of people worldwide, but their causes remain unknown

Autoantibodies—which attack the body—may be detectable in the body years before a patient develops symptoms, but some people may have detectable levels yet never go on to develop an autoimmune disease. This video discusses this and other unsolved mysteries with autoimmune disease.

Experience a century of America's healthcare advances with this medical visualization, tracing a sampling of healthcare innovations from head to toe.

The basics behind mRNA vaccines

In this video, Yale experts Saad Omer, MBBS, MPH, PhD; Onyema Ogbuagu, MBBCh; and Akiko Iwasaki, PhD, explain the science behind COVID-19 mRNA vaccines.

See what analysis of one man's amputated leg, donated to The Bone Museum, tells us about his otherwise invisible pain.

An analysis on using VR to help train orthopedic surgeons

Virtual reality simulation provides surgical trainees with an immersive 3D experience that allows them to practice skills and operations in a safe yet realistic environment.

Skull bone marrow may be playing a key role in chronic pain.

Watch this how-to video series on how to start strength training.

Learn about the point of the physical and emotional experience of pain, which has three broad categories that help determine treatment approaches.

How do vaccines work? Watch this brief 101

Watch this under-3-minute video explaining how vaccines use the body's immune system to prepare our bodies against viral and bacterial threats to our health.

This is what happens inside your body when you're sick

This video details the biology of what happens inside the human body during illness.

Learn about the more than 100 known autoimmune diseases

Explore this resource with summaries and related resources for the dozens of autoimmune diseases defined in the medical literature. Many of these disease write-ups also have interviews with a patient with the disorder—offering a personal take about challenges, advice, and lifestyle effects.

Collagen supplements have become a multibillion-dollar industry

Beginning in our 20s, the amount of this protein in our skin, muscles, and connective tissue declines. But independent, high-quality studies—like those that are double-blind—have not yet shown a significant association between their use and evidence of it improving skin elasticity, reducing wrinkles, or combating hair loss. Some collagen supplements do seem to help with joint pain and knee function, but NPR cautions that studies on that purpose are industry-funded.

Yoga can be beneficial for aging practitioners

Studies suggest that yoga can help alleviate several diseases associated with aging by lowering blood pressure, reducing blood fat levels, and combating obesity. It has also been shown to increase telomerase activity, which helps slow cell aging.

Watch these fact checks of medical missteps in the show 'Grey's Anatomy'

This roughly 10-minute video seeks to highlight both medical and filming errors in the popular medical television show "Grey's Anatomy." Inaccurate medical moments in the show include mistakes in surgical procedures, wearing jewelry during surgery, and confusing cirrhosis—which is a scarring condition that damages the liver—with psoriasis, a skin condition.

Exploring the link between history, art, and anatomy

Throughout centuries, art has played a vital role in sharing—and furthering—scientific understanding. This largely began in 1543 when physician Andreas Vesalius worked with an artist and engraver to transform learnings from his dissections into...

Watch this 1440 Originals video on specialized residential communities designed to mimic towns or neighborhoods for dementia patients.

Resistance training can help fight osteoporosis, especially in menopausal women.

Dinosaurs suffered from cancer, arthritis, and infections seen in modern animals

Using CT scans and advanced pathology techniques, paleopathologists have identified respiratory illnesses, malignant osteosarcoma, and other diseases in dinosaurs. The research has helped show how many of these ailments are not exclusively modern phenomena.

This 1440 Original video dives into what the science says about phototherapy and its various potential applications.

How ALS (Lou Gehrig's Disease) might work, and what scientists are learning about it

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects the nerve cells (neurons) controlling muscle movement. As the motor neurons degenerate, they stop sending signals to the muscles, causing progressive muscle weakness and, eventually, death. This three-minute animation focuses on the mechanisms within the motor neurons that cause them to degenerate. By understanding these mechanisms, researchers hope to one day find a cure for ALS.

The science of symmetry | The Royal Society

Nature is full of symmetries, from spiral galaxies to florets of broccoli. So why do complex creatures break the pattern?This short video discusses why symmetry came to dominate life on Earth, and how many complex life forms, such as humans, transitioned from radial to lateral symmetry.

Inflammaging appears to differ across global populations

Chronic, low-grade inflammation linked to aging is a byproduct of our industrialized lifestyles, according to recent research. The work compared two industrialized populations with two Indigenous, non-industrialized populations in Bolivia and Malaysia, and found that inflammation levels in the Indigenous groups—unlike the industrialized ones—did not seem to differ by age.